WHAT IS INSOMNIA?
Insomnia is the perception or complaint of inadequate or poor-quality sleep because of one or more of the following:
- difficulty falling asleep
- waking up frequently during the night with difficulty returning to sleep
- waking up too early in the morning
- unrefreshing sleep
Insomnia can be classified as transient (short term), intermittent (on and off), and chronic (constant). Insomnia lasting from a single night to a few weeks is referred to as transient. If episodes of transient insomnia occur from time to time, the insomnia is said to be intermittent. Insomnia is considered to be chronic if it occurs on most nights and lasts a month or more.
WHAT CAUSES IT?
Certain conditions seem to make individuals more likely to
experience insomnia. Examples of these conditions include:
- advanced age (insomnia occurs more frequently in those over age 60)
- female gender
- a history of depression
There are many causes of insomnia. Transient and intermittent insomnia generally occur in people who are temporarily experiencing one or more of the following:
- stress
- environmental noise
- extreme temperatures
- change in the surrounding environment
- sleep/wake schedule problems such as those due to jet lag
- medication side effects
In addition, the following behaviors have been shown to perpetuate insomnia in some people:
- expecting to have difficulty sleeping and worrying about it
- ingesting excessive amounts of caffeine
- drinking alcohol before bedtime
- smoking cigarettes before bedtime
- excessive napping in the afternoon or evening
- irregular or continually disrupted sleep/wake schedules
WHO GETS INSOMNIA?
Insomnia is found in males and females of all age groups,
although it seems to be more common in females (especially
after menopause) and in the elderly. The ability to sleep,
rather than the need for sleep, appears to decrease with
advancing age.
HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED?
Patients with insomnia are evaluated with the help of a
medical history and a sleep history. The sleep history may
be obtained from a sleep diary filled out by the patient or
by an interview with the patient's bed partner concerning
the quantity and quality of the patient's sleep.
Specialized sleep studies may be recommended, but only if
there is suspicion that the patient may have a primary sleep
disorder such as sleep apnea or narcolepsy.
Transient and intermittent insomnia may not require treatment since episodes last only a few days at a time. For example, if insomnia is due to a temporary change in the sleep/wake schedule, as with jet lag, the person's biological clock will often get back to normal on its own. However, for some people who experience daytime sleepiness and impaired performance as a result of transient insomnia, the use of short-acting sleeping pills may improve sleep and next-day alertness. As with all drugs, there are potential side effects. The use of over-the-counter sleep medicines is not usually recommended for the treatment of insomnia. Treatment for chronic insomnia consists of:
- First, diagnosing and treating underlying medical or psychological problems.
- Identifying behaviors that may worsen insomnia and stopping (or reducing) them.
- Possibly using sleeping pills, although the long-term use of sleeping pills for chronic insomnia is controversial. A patient taking any sleeping pill should be under the supervision of a physician to closely evaluate effectiveness and minimize side effects. In general, these drugs are prescribed at the lowest dose and for the shortest duration needed to relieve the sleep-related symptoms. For some of these medicines, the dose must be gradually lowered as the medicine is discontinued because, if stopped abruptly, it can cause insomnia to occur again for a night or two.
- Trying behavioral techniques to improve sleep, such as relaxation therapy, sleep restriction therapy, and reconditioning.
There are specific and effective techniques that can reduce or eliminate anxiety and body tension. As a result, the person's mind is able to stop "racing," the muscles can relax, and restful sleep can occur. It usually takes much practice to learn these techniques and to achieve effective relaxation. Sleep Restriction.
Some people suffering from insomnia spend too much time in bed unsuccessfully trying to sleep. They may benefit from a sleep restriction program that at first allows only a few hours of sleep during the night. Gradually the time is increased until a more normal night's sleep is achieved.
Reconditioning.
Another treatment that may help some people
with insomnia is to recondition them to associate the bed
and bedtime with sleep. For most people, this means not
using their beds for any activities other than sleep and
sex. As part of the reconditioning process, the person is
usually advised to go to bed only when sleepy. If unable to
fall asleep, the person is told to get up, stay up until
sleepy, and then return to bed. Throughout this process,
the person should avoid naps and wake up and go to bed at
the same time each day. Eventually the person's body will
be conditioned to associate the bed and bedtime with sleep.
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